Punishment to be Commensurate with Offence

In a recent case, a Bench of the Supreme Court comprising Justices Arijit Pasayat, P. Sathasivam and Mukundakam Sharma has held that capital punishment should be awarded only in cases where life imprisonment is altogether inadequate for the crime such as “when the murder is committed in an extremely brutal, grotesque, diabolical or dastardly manner so as to arouse intense and extreme indignation of the community; when the victim is an innocent child, or a helpless woman or an old or infirm person or a person vis-à-vis whom the murderer is in a dominating position.”

Continuing in the same vein, the Court said, “It is the nature and gravity of the crime, but not the criminal, which are germane to consideration of appropriate punishment in a criminal trial. … The court will be failing in its duty if appropriate punishment is not awarded for a crime which has been committed not only against the individual victim but also against the society to which the criminal and the victim belong. … The imposition of appropriate punishment is the manner in which the court responds to society’s cry for justice against the criminal. Justice demands that courts should impose punishment befitting the crime so that the courts reflect public abhorrence of the crime.”

These observations were made in a case in which the Court confirmed the death sentence of a man, Mohan Anna Chavan, who had raped and murdered two minor girls on December 13, 1999, a mere five months after his release from prison. The man had earlier been convicted for having raped minors as well — he was sentenced to two years’ imprisonment on June 12, 1989 for kidnapping and raping a minor girl and on July 28, 1989, he was sentenced to nine years’ imprisonment for raping another minor girl.

For raping and murdering the two minors, he had been sentenced to death by the Trial Court and the Bombay High Court then confirmed the sentence.

The Supreme Court said, “Any liberal attitude by imposing meager sentences or taking too sympathetic a view merely on account of lapse of time in respect of such offences will result-wise be counter-productive in the long-run and against societal interest which needs to be cared for and strengthened by a string of deterrence inbuilt in the sentencing system. If for the extremely heinous crime of murder, perpetrated in a very brutal manner without any provocation, the most deterrent punishment is not given, the case of deterrent punishment will lose its relevance.”

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Life Imprisonment for Raping Daughter

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A Bench of the Supreme Court comprising Justices Arijit Pasayat and P. Sathasivam sentenced a man to life imprisonment for raping his daughter in the case of Siriya @ Shri Lal v. State of Madhya Pradesh decided on May 13, 2008 saying, “There can never be more shocking, depraved and heinous crime than when the father is charged of having raped his own daughter. He not only delicts the law but, it is a betrayal of trust. The father is the fortress and refuge of his daughter in whom the daughter reposes trust to protect her. Charged of raping his own daughter under his refuge and fortress is worse than the gamekeeper becoming a poacher and treasury guard becoming a robber.”

In this case, the father-rapist initially took the plea of false implication which was not accepted by the Trial Court. He was convicted and sentenced to imprisonment for life and fine of Rs.1,000/-. Before the High Court, he then said that his brother wanted to grab land and property and, therefore, was tutoring the victim. The High Court, however, affirmed the Trial Court’s verdict after which the Supreme Court dismissed his appeal to it.

In this case, the mother of the victim had died about 3 years before the rape. Her father took her to purchase clothes for her and on the way back, he took her to a dilapidated house and raped her. She was about thirteen years old at the time.

Hearing her shrieks, three passers-by went inside the room and separated the father from his daughter. They then took both of them to the police station where the daughter lodged the first information report against her father.

They were both sent for medical examinations on the basis of which the doctors opined that possibility of rape could not be denied and that the father was not impotent.

The case at hand shows to what bottomless pit speed of depravation and lust a person can go down. As indicated at the threshold, the custodian of the trust has betrayed the same. The father is supposed to protect the dignity and honour of his daughter. This is a fundamental facet of human life. If the protector becomes the violator, the offence assumes a greater degree of vulnerability. The sanctity of father and daughter relationship gets polluted. It becomes an unpardonable act. It is not only a loathsome sin, but also abhorrent.

The case at hand is a sad reflection on the present day society where a most platonic relationship has been soiled by the pervert and degrading act of the father. The evidence on records clinchingly nails the appellant as the offender.

The criminal law adheres in general to the principle of proportionality in prescribing liability according to the culpability of each kind of criminal conduct. It ordinarily allows some significant discretion to the Judge in arriving at a sentence in each case, presumably to permit sentences that reflect more subtle considerations of culpability that are raised by the special facts of each case.

In this case, the accused’s lustful acts have indelible scar not only physically but also emotionally on the victim. No sympathy or leniency is called for.


In another recent case in which the same two judges along with Justice M Sharma comprised the Bench, the Supreme Court had said, “The imposition of appropriate punishment is the manner in which the court responds to society’s cry for justice against the criminal. Justice demands that courts should impose punishment befitting the crime so that the courts reflect public abhorrence of the crime.”

In that case, the Court confirmed a death sentence which had been awarded to a man who had raped and murdered two minor girls.

The trend seems to be towards ensuring that the punishment is commensurate with the offence.

Criminal Procedure to be more Victim Friendly

The Cabinet has just cleared Amendments to the Code of Criminal Procedure which are supposed to make the law more victim friendly. The proposed amendments include:

1. having women judges hear rape cases as far as is practicable
2. recording the statements of victims at places of their choice whether at their own homes or at that of their relatives and in the presence of a woman officer
3. allowing victims to appeal against acquittals
4. allowing victims to be questioned in the presence of their parents or social workers from the locality
5. disposing rape cases within a period of two months if possible
6. completing investigations of child rape within three months from the date on which the officer-in-charge of a police station records information
7. lifting the ban on the publication of the proceedings of rape trials subject to keeping the identity of the parties confidential
8. commuting capital punishment of a pregnant convict to life imprisonment
9. requiring police officers to clearly identify themselves while making an arrest
10. providing for prosecuting witnesses who turn hostile to be prosecuted and possibly sentenced to a maximum of two years’ imprisonment

Whether the proposed Amendments many of which are supposed to help women will actually be useful if they become law remains to be seen. The Domestic Violence Act, 2005 which came into force on 26 October, 2006 is apparently not being used much. In fact, an officer seeking anonymity said to the Telegraph: “When a woman comes to us, we try to solve her problem by threatening the accused with legal consequences. If that doesn’t work, we lodge an FIR.” [1]

Unless laws are utilised, it doesn’t particularly help to have enacted them.

The Word ‘Rape’

(Source: You Weren’t Mugged, You Just Gave Away Your Belongings)

In 2007, a Nebraska judge, Jeffre Cheuvront, banned the use of the word ‘rape’ in Tory Bowen’s rape trial supposedly because it was too inflammatory and prejudicial. He required that the words ‘sex’ or ‘intercourse’ be used instead to describe what happened between her and Pamir Safi.

Discussing ruling, Dahlia Lithwick said: [1]

“The real question for Judge Cheuvront, then, is whether embedded in the word sex is another “legal conclusion”—that the intercourse was consensual. And it’s hard to conclude otherwise. Go ahead, use the word sex in a sentence. Asking a complaining witness to scrub the word rape or assault from her testimony is one thing. Asking that she imply that she agreed to what her alleged assailant was doing to her is something else entirely. To put it another way: If the complaining witness in a rape trial has to describe herself as having had “intercourse” with the defendant, should the complaining witness in a mugging be forced to testify that he was merely giving his attacker a loan?
The fact that judges are not rushing to ban similarly conclusory legal language from trial testimony—presumably one can still say murder or embezzlement on the stand—reflects not just the fraught nature of language but also the fraught nature of rape prosecutions. We as a society still somehow think rape is different—either because we assume the victims are especially fragile or because we assume they are particularly deceitful.”

Indian courts have not used the word rape in a number of their judgments although I think that that has more to do with being conservative than to do with worrying about the word being prejudicial which is anyway a non-issue since jury trials do not exist in India.Their mindset is revealed in statements like this one made by the Rajasthan High Court in the case of Babu v State of Rajasthan [1984 CrLJ 74 : 'virginity is the most precious possession of an Indian girl and she would never willingly part with this proud and precious possession' ...if not anything else, that statement in itself could just as easily have been written by a Victorian judge in the 19th century.

Link:
[1] http://www.slate.com/id/2168758/pagenum/all/#page_start

Woman with Disability Raped, Denied Liberty

James Chalmers says, “The Times also devotes attention to the Mental Welfare Commission’s scathing “Justice Denied” report on the case of Ms A, a 67 year old woman with a learning disability who appears to have been the subject of repeated assaults which have led not to criminal proceedings against her alleged assailants, but instead to subjecting Ms A to a “protective regime that effectively deprives her of much of her liberty”. The Times report is not online, but there is a BBC News story online, and a summary of the report can be downloaded from the Commission’s website.” [1]

There were no prosecutions because she wasn’t considered to be a reliable witness due to her disability.

According to the BBC report, “She was sexually assaulted by five men over the past decade – none of whom have ever been prosecuted, despite the attacks being reported to police. … Four of these incidents, all of which were reported to the police and the fiscal, involved one man.” [2]

The report on the Commission’s site says:

“The UN Convention on Rights of People with a Disability places a duty on State Parties to ensure effective access to justice for adults with a learning disability on an equal basis with others. For a number of complex reasons, this did not appear to have happened for Ms A. …

We are satisfied that Ms A is protected from further risk of assault. However, we do have serous reservations as to the lawfulness of certain aspects of her current care plan. …

The levels of protection that have been put in place mean that she is barely allowed outside her flat without an escort. We believe that this level of restriction requires an appropriate legal intervention and the safeguards that would accompany it. It was generally acknowledged that Ms A was most at risk from a small number of identified men. The fact that these men were not prosecuted has left Ms A at greater risk. Management of these risks has been through highly restrictive care arrangements. If the people who Ms A claimed (and others believed) had assaulted her had been brought to justice, her safety would be less compromised and these restrictions less necessary. …

It is difficult to escape the conclusion that different standards were applied to Ms A because she had a learning disability.” [3]

Links:
[1]
criminalletters.blogspot.com/2008/04/very-bad-news-day.html
[2] news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/7349900.stm
[3] mwcscot.org.uk/web/FILES/Publications/Justice_Denied_Summary_FINAL.pdf 

A Five Second Delay Could be Rape

In the 2004 case of Maouloud Baby, Maryland’s highest Court of Appeal, has said that a man can be convicted of rape if he doesn’t stop as soon as the woman asks him to stop.

In this case, “Maouloud Baby was convicted of first-degree rape in December 2004 after jurors heard testimony that the 16-year-old continued having sex with an 18-year-old woman for ‘about five or so seconds’ after she told him to stop,” according to USA today. [1] This conviction was then reversed by the Court of Special Appeals.

However, Judge Lynne Battaglia writing the opinion in the Court of Appeal has now said, “We conclude that post-penetration withdrawal of consent negates initial consent for the purposes of sexual offense crimes and, when coupled with the other elements, may constitute the crime of rape.”

This negates a 1980 ruling of the same court. In Battle v. State, 287 Md. 675, 684, 414 A.2d 1266, 1270 (1980), the Court said: “Given the fact that consent must precede penetration, it follows in our view that although a woman may have consented to a sexual encounter, even to intercourse, if that consent is withdrawn prior to the act of penetration, then it cannot be said that she has consented to sexual intercourse. On the other hand, ordinarily if she consents prior to penetration and withdraws the consent following penetration, there is no rape.”

The court has also said that that rape trauma syndrome evidence should first be subjected to Frye-Reed analysis if an appropriate objection is interposed.

Source: [1] http://blogs.usatoday.com/ondeadline/2008/04/md-court-expand.html

Castrating Sex Offenders

Every time there’s a conversation about what an appropriate punishment for rape is, someone is bound to talk about how castration is the answer.

A Louisiana Senate Committee seemed to agree when it considered castration to supplement (and not to supplant) punishment in cases of ‘aggravated rape, sexual battery, selling pornography that shows minors under 17 years old, incest, simple kidnapping of children under the age of 14, and child abuse’. [1]

The castration envisaged is through the use of a drug called MPA (medroxyprogestrone acetate) although an offender may choose physical castration.

The bill is by Senator Nick Gautreaux, an Abbeville Democrat, and will now go to the full Senate.

Links:

[1] 2theadvocate.com/news/17412114.html

[2] nola.com/news/index.ssf/2008/04/senate_panel_approves_bill_req.html

[3] foxnews.com/story/0,2933,348171,00.htmlÂ